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Financial instruments --- Instruments financiers --- Taxation --- Law and legislation --- Impôts --- Droit --- United States.

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Louis Phlips The stabilisation of primary commodity prices, and the related issue of the stabilisation of export earnings of developing countries, have traditionally been studied without reference to the futures markets (that exist or could exist) for these commodities. These futures markets have in turn been s~udied in isolation. The same is true for the new developments on financial markets. Over the last few years, in particular sine the 1985 tin crisis and the October 1987 stock exchange crisis, it has become evident that there are inter­ actions between commodity, futures, and financial markets and that these inter­ actions are very important. The more so as trade on futures and financial markets has shown a spectacular increase. This volume brings together a number of recent and unpublished papers on these interactions by leading specialists (and their students). A first set of papers examines how the use of futures markets could help stabilising export earnings of developing countries and how this compares to the rather unsuccessful UNCTAD type interventions via buffer stocks, pegged prices and cartels. A second set of papers faces the fact, largely ignored in the literature, that commodity prices are determined in foreign currencies, with the result that developing countries suffer from the volatility of exchange rates of these currencies (even in cases where commodity prices are relatively stable). Financial markets are thus explicitly linked to futures and commodity markets.

Trade theory --- International finance --- Developing countries --- Commodity exchanges --- Financial futures --- Bourses de marchandises --- Marchés à terme d'instruments financiers --- AA / International- internationaal --- 338.013 --- 380.22 --- 305.92 --- 303.8 --- 333.642 --- 333.450 --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen. --- Concurrentie. Monopolie, duopolie, oligopolie. --- Econometrie van de internationale handel. Handelsbalans, betalingsbalans. Wissel. --- Econometrische behandeling van een onderwerp. --- Termijn. Financial futures. --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit. --- Marchés à terme d'instruments financiers --- Futures, Financial --- Commodities exchange --- Commodity markets --- Exchanges, Commodity --- Exchanges, Produce --- Produce exchanges --- Econometrische behandeling van een onderwerp --- Econometrie van de internationale handel. Handelsbalans, betalingsbalans. Wissel --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit --- Termijn. Financial futures --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen --- Concurrentie. Monopolie, duopolie, oligopolie --- Futures --- Hedging (Finance) --- Futures market --- Commercial products --- Produce trade --- Speculation --- Econometrics. --- Microeconomics. --- Economics.

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The author examines the causes of the U.S. stock market crash of 2008 and its relation to overpriced real estate, bad mortgages, shareholder demand for excessive profits, and the growth of toxic derivatives.

Financial crises --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009. --- History --- United States --- Economic conditions --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- 330.973 --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Global Economic Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Subprime Mortgage Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Geld --- Economics. --- Economic Recession. --- History, 21st Century. --- Crise financière mondiale, 2008-2009 --- Krach, 2008 --- Crises financières --- Crise financière. --- Institutions financières. --- Instruments financiers. --- Politique du crédit. --- Hypothèques. --- Economic history. --- Financial crises. --- NEW LIST 20100430. --- Histoire --- History. --- 2000-2099 --- États-Unis --- Etats-Unis d'Amérique. --- United States. --- Conditions économiques --- 336.7 <09> --- 338.124.4 --- 338.124.4 Conjunctuurtheorie. Hoogconjunctuur. Laagconjunctuur. Depressie. Recessie. Crisis --- Conjunctuurtheorie. Hoogconjunctuur. Laagconjunctuur. Depressie. Recessie. Crisis --- 336.7 <09> Geschiedenis van het bankwezen --- Geschiedenis van het bankwezen

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One of the most complex issues in tax policy today is the treatment of the institutions, products, and services that make up the financial sector. It can be harder to ascertain income, expenses, and profits for financial firms than for firms selling goods and services, and it is easier for individuals and firms to manipulate financial transactions so as to exploit tax loopholes. This volume explores the challenges faced by tax policymakers and identifies modern best practices in several areas: banks, insurance companies, securities companies, investment funds, pension funds, and derivatives.

Fiscal policy --- Insurance --- Securities --- Financial instruments --- Financial institutions --- Value-added tax --- Politique fiscale --- Assurance --- Valeurs mobilières --- Instruments financiers --- Institutions financières --- Taxe à la valeur ajoutée --- Taxation --- Impôts --- AA / International- internationaal --- 333.21 --- 333.130.0 --- -Securities --- -Financial instruments --- -Financial institutions --- -Value-added tax --- 336.2 --- Added-value tax --- Goods and services tax --- GST (Goods and services tax) --- Tax on added value --- VAT (Value-added tax) --- Sales tax --- Financial intermediaries --- Lending institutions --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Capital instruments --- Legal instruments --- Negotiable instruments --- Blue sky laws --- Capitalization (Finance) --- Investment securities --- Portfolio --- Scrip --- Securities law --- Underwriting --- Investments --- Investment banking --- Assurance (Insurance) --- Coverage, Insurance --- Indemnity insurance --- Insurance coverage --- Insurance industry --- Insurance protection --- Mutual insurance --- Finance --- Tax policy --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Officiële spaarinstellingen. --- Private banken: algemeen. Studies over de organisatie en de techniek van de banken --- Law and legislation --- Government policy --- Financial institutions -- Taxation. --- Financial instruments -- Taxation. --- Fiscal policy. --- Insurance -- Taxation. --- Securities -- Taxation. --- Value-added tax. --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- Taxation. --- Valeurs mobilières --- Institutions financières --- Taxe à la valeur ajoutée --- Impôts --- FID (Financial institutions duty) --- Financial institutions duty --- Taxation of bonds, securities, etc. --- Insurance companies --- Officiële spaarinstellingen --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Financial Services --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Insurance Companies --- Actuarial Studies --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Insurance & actuarial studies --- Pensions --- Financial services --- Personal income --- Income tax systems --- National accounts --- Taxes --- Income --- Financial services industry --- Income tax --- Spendings tax --- United States